In April 2019, Transport for the North (TfN) published a report authored by Oxford Economics and York Aviation which analyses trade and connectivity across the North. The study focuses its attention on volumes and patterns of trade, and how these are reflected in the region’s current international connectivity position. This research forms part of the Northern Powerhouse Independent Economic Review (NPIER) evidence base, and as such, considers how trade will support growth in the future, and how trading volumes and patterns will need to evolve if the aspiration for transformational growth set out in the NPIER is to be achieved.