The DfT Local Major Scheme meta-evaluation, published in June 2022, examined evaluation evidence of the impact of schemes built between 2011 and 2016 . It includes evidence of significant benefits of large northern schemes such as Rochdale Interchange, the new rail stations at Apperley Bridge and Kirkstall Forge, and the Manchester Cross-City Package in terms of passenger, economic and carbon benefits. For road schemes benefits examined are generally journey time improvements and increased traffic levels, as well as improved air quality and reduced noise pollution around smaller roads. The report also looks at some of the shortcomings in evaluation methodology, which means that many of the wider impacts of schemes are either not examined, or not examined rigorously enough to be able to attribute change, making it more difficult to compare schemes or learn lessons for future scheme development.